Uses of Fuel

From Wikipedia

Petroleum, in some form or other, is not a substance new in the world’s history. More than four thousand years ago, according to Herodotus and confirmed by Diodorus Siculus, asphalt was employed in the construction of the walls and towers of Babylon; there were oil pits near Ardericca (near Babylon), and a pitch spring on Zacynthus.^[10] Great quantities of it were found on the banks of the river Issus, one of the tributaries of the Euphrates. Ancient Persian tablets indicate the medicinal and lighting uses of petroleum in the upper levels of their society.

The earliest known oil wells were drilled in China in 347 CE or earlier. They had depths of up to about 800 feet (244 m) and were drilled using bits attached to bamboo poles.^[11] The oil was burned to evaporate brine and produce salt. By the 10th century, extensive bamboo pipelines connected oil wells with salt springs. The ancient records of China and Japan are said to contain many allusions to the use of natural gas for lighting and heating. Petroleum was known as burning water in Japan in the 7th century. ^[10]

The Middle East petroleum industry was established by the 8th century, when the streets of the newly constructed Baghdad were paved with tar, derived from easily accessible petroleum from natural fields in the region. In the 9th century, oil fields were exploited in the area around modern Baku, Azerbaijan, to produce naphtha. These fields were described by the geographer Masudi in the 10th century, and by Marco Polo in the 13th century, who described the output of those wells as hundreds of shiploads. Petroleum was distilled by Persian chemist al-Razi in the 9th century, producing chemicals such as kerosene in the al-ambiq (alembic). ^[12] (See also: Alchemy (Islam), Islamic science, and Timeline of science and technology in the Islamic world.)

The earliest mention of American petroleum occurs in Sir Walter Raleigh’s account of the Trinidad Pitch Lake in 1595; whilst thirty-seven years later, the account of a visit of a Franciscan, Joseph de la Roche d’Allion, to the oil springs of New York was published in Sagard’s Histoire du Canada. A Russian traveller, Peter Kalm, in his work on America published in 1748 showed on a map the oil springs of Pennsylvania. ^[10]

In 1711 the Greek physician Eyrini d’Eyrinis discovered asphalt at Val-de-Travers, (Neuchâtel). He established a bitumen mine de la Presta there in 1719 that operated until 1986. ^[13][14]

Oil sands were mined from 1745 in Merkwiller-Pechelbronn, Alsace under the direction of Louis Pierre Ancillon de la Sablonnière, by special appointement of Louis XV.^[15] The Pechelbronn oil field was active until 1970, and was the birth place of companies like Antar and Schlumberger. The first modern refinery was built there in 1857.^[15]

The modern history of petroleum began in 1846 with the discovery of the process of refining kerosene from coal by Nova Scotian Abraham Pineo Gesner.

Ignacy ?ukasiewicz improved Gesner’s method to develop a means of refining kerosene from the more readily available “rock oil” (“petr-oleum”) seeps in 1852 and the first rock oil mine was built in Bóbrka, near Krosno in Galicia in the following year. These discoveries rapidly spread around the world, and Meerzoeff built the first Russian refinery in the mature oil fields at Baku in 1861. At that time Baku produced about 90% of the world’s oil.

 

Oil field in California, 1938.

The first commercial oil well drilled in North America was in Oil Springs, Ontario, Canada in 1858, dug by James Miller Williams. The US petroleum industry began with Edwin Drake’s drilling of a 69-foot (21 m) oil well in 1859, on Oil Creek near Titusville, Pennsylvania, for the Seneca Oil Company (originally yielding 25 barrels a day, by the end of the year output was at the rate of 15 barrels). The industry grew slowly in the 1800s, driven by the demand for kerosene and oil lamps. It became a major national concern in the early part of the 20th century; the introduction of the internal combustion engine provided a demand that has largely sustained the industry to this day. Early “local” finds like those in Pennsylvania and Ontario were quickly outpaced by demand, leading to “oil booms” in Texas, Oklahoma, and California.

Early production of crude petroleum in the United States: ^[10]

• 1859: 2,000 barrels (~340 t)
• 1869: 4,215,000 barrels (~721,000 t)
• 1879: 19,914,146 barrels (~3,410,000 t)
• 1889: 35,163,513 barrels (~6,020,000 t)
• 1899: 57,084,428 barrels (~9,770,000 t)
• 1906: 126,493,936 barrels (~21,600,000 t)

By 1910, significant oil fields had been discovered in Canada (specifically, in the province of Ontario), the Dutch East Indies (1885, in Sumatra), Iran (1908, in Masjed Soleiman), Peru, Venezuela, and Mexico, and were being developed at an industrial level.

Even until the mid-1950s, coal was still the world’s foremost fuel, but oil quickly took over. Following the 1973 energy crisis and the 1979 energy crisis, there was significant media coverage of oil supply levels. This brought to light the concern that oil is a limited resource that will eventually run out, at least as an economically viable energy source. At the time, the most common and popular predictions were always quite dire, and when they did not come true, many dismissed all such discussion. The future of petroleum as a fuel remains somewhat controversial. USA Today news (2004) reports that there are 40 years of petroleum left in the ground. Some^{[citation needed]} argue that because the total amount of petroleum is finite, the dire predictions of the 1970s have merely been postponed. Others^{[citation needed]} claim that technology will continue to allow for the production of cheap hydrocarbons and that the earth has vast sources of unconventional petroleum reserves in the form of tar sands, bitumen fields and oil shale that will allow for petroleum use to continue in the future, with both the Canadian tar sands and United States shale oil deposits representing potential reserves matching existing liquid petroleum deposits worldwide.

Today, about 90% of vehicular fuel needs are met by oil. Petroleum also makes up 40% of total energy consumption in the United States, but is responsible for only 2% of electricity generation. Petroleum’s worth as a portable, dense energy source powering the vast majority of vehicles and as the base of many industrial chemicals makes it one of the world’s most important commodities. Access to it was a major factor in several military conflicts including World War II and the Persian Gulf Wars of the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. The top three oil producing countries are Saudi Arabia, Russia, and the United States. About 80% of the world’s readily accessible reserves are located in the Middle East, with 62.5% coming from the Arab 5: Saudi Arabia (12.5%), UAE, Iraq, Qatar and Kuwait. However, with today’s oil prices, Venezuela has larger reserves than Saudi Arabia due to crude reserves derived from bitumen.

US Petroleum holdings a Recent Outlook

Energy Information Administration
Official Energy Statistics from the U.S. GovernmentTrends in energy supply and demand are affected by many factors that are difficult to predict, such as energy prices, U.S. economic growth, advances in technologies, changes in weather patterns, and future public policy decisions. It is clear, however, that energy markets are changing gradually in response to such readily observable factors as the higher energy prices that have been experienced since 2000, the greater influence of developing countries on worldwide energy requirements, recently enacted legislation and regulations in the United States, and changing public perceptions of issues related to the use of alternative fuels, emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases, and the acceptability of various energy technologies, among others The Energy Information Administration projects increased consumption of biofuels (both ethanol and biodiesel), growth in coal-to-liquids (CTL) capacity and production, growing demand for unconventional transportation technologies (such as flex-fuel, hybrid, and diesel vehicles), growth in nuclear power capacity and generation, and accelerated improvements in energy efficiency throughout the economy.

Despite the rapid growth projected for biofuels and other nonhydroelectric renewable energy sources and the expectation that orders will be placed for new nuclear power plants for the first time in more than 25 years, oil, coal, and natural gas still are projected to provide roughly the same 86-percent share of the total U.S. primary energy supply in 2030 that they did in 2005 (assuming no changes in existing laws and regulations). The expected rapid growth in the use of biofuels and other nonhydropower renewable energy sources begins from a very low current share oftotal energy use; hydroelectric power production, which accounts for the bulk of current renewable electricity supply, is nearly stagnant; and the share of total electricity supplied from nuclear power falls despite the projected new plant builds, which more than offset retirements, because the overall market for electricity continues to expand rapidly in the projection.

Classfication of oil for US Petroleum Holdings

The oil industry classifies “crude” by the location of its origin (e.g., “West Texas Intermediate, WTI” or “Brent”) and often by its relative weight (API gravity) or viscosity (“light”, “intermediate” or “heavy”); refiners may also refer to it as “sweet”, which means it contains relatively little sulfur, or as “sour”, which means it contains substantial amounts of sulfur and requires more refining in order to meet current product specifications.The world reference barrels are:

. Brent Crude, comprising 15 oils from fields in the Brent and Ninian systems in the East Shetland Basin of the North Sea. The oil is landed at Sullom Voe terminal in the Shetlands. Oil production from Europe, Africa and Middle Eastern oil flowing West tends to be priced off the price of this oil, which forms a benchmark.

. West Texas Intermediate (WTI) for North American oil.

. Dubai, used as benchmark for Middle East oil flowing to the Asia-Pacific region.

. Tapis (from Malaysia, used as a reference for light Far East oil)

. Minas (from Indonesia, used as a reference for heavy Far East oil)

. The OPEC basket used to be the average price of the following blends:

o Arab Light Saudi Arabia
o Bonny Light Nigeria
o Fateh Dubai
o Isthmus Mexico (non-OPEC)
o Minas Indonesia
o Saharan Blend Algeria
o Tia Juana Light Venezuela
OPEC attempts to keep the price of the OPEC Basket between upper and lower limits, by increasing and decreasing production. This makes the measure important for market analysts. The OPEC Basket, including a mix of light and heavy crudes, is heavier than both Brent and WTI.

In June 15, 2005 the OPEC basket was changed to reflect the characteristics of the oil produced by OPEC members. The new OPEC Reference Basket (ORB) is made up of the following: Saharan Blend (Algeria), Minas (Indonesia), Iran Heavy (Islamic Republic of Iran), Basra Light (Iraq), Kuwait Export (Kuwait), Es Sider (Libya), Bonny Light (Nigeria), Qatar Marine (Qatar), Arab Light (Saudi Arabia), Murban (UAE) and BCF 17 (Venezuela).

Oil Production by Country:

. Saudi Arabia (OPEC) – 10.37 MMbbl/d
. Russia – 9.27 MMbbl/d
. United States 1 – 8.69 MMbbl/d
. Iran (OPEC) – 4.09 MMbbl/d
. Mexico 1 – 3.83 MMbbl/d
. China 1 – 3.62 MMbbl/d
. Norway 1 – 3.18 MMbbl/d
. Canada 1 – 3.14 MMbbl/d
. Venezuela (OPEC) 1 – 2.86 MMbbl/d
. United Arab Emirates (OPEC) – 2.76 MMbbl/d
. Kuwait (OPEC) – 2.51 MMbbl/d
. Nigeria (OPEC) – 2.51 MMbbl/d
. United Kingdom 1 – 2.08 MMbbl/d
. Iraq (OPEC) 2 – 2.03 MMbbl/d

In order of amount exported in 2003:

. Saudi Arabia (OPEC)
. Russia
. Norway 1
. Iran (OPEC)
. United Arab Emirates (OPEC)
. Venezuela (OPEC) 1
. Kuwait (OPEC)
. Nigeria (OPEC)
. Mexico 1
. Algeria (OPEC)
. Libya (OPEC) 1

Though still a member, Iraq has not been included in production figures since 1998

History of oil

The modern history of petroleum began in 1846, with the discovery of the process of refining kerosene from coal by Atlantic Canada’s Abraham Pineo Gesner. Poland’s Ignacy Lukasiewicz discovered a means of refining kerosene from the more readily available “rock oil” (“petroleum”) in 1852 and the first rock oil mine was built in Bra, near Krosno, in southern Poland in the following year. These discoveries rapidly spread around the world, and Meerzoeff built the first Russian refinery in the mature oil fields at Baku in 1861. At that time, Baku produced about 90% of the world’s oil. The battle of Stalingrad was fought over Baku (now the capital of the Azerbaijan Republic ).

In the 8th century, the streets of the newly constructed Baghdad were paved with tar, derived from easily accessible petroleum from natural fields in the region. In the 9th century, oil fields were exploited in Baku, Azerbaijan, to produce naphtha. These fields were described by the geographer Masudi in the 10th century, and by Marco Polo in the 13th century, who described the output of those wells as hundreds of shiploads.

The first commercial oil well drilled in North America was in Oil Springs, Ontario, Canada in 1858, dug by James Miller Williams. The American petroleum industry began with Edwin Drake’s discovery of oil in 1859, near Titusville, Pennsylvania. The industry grew slowly in the 1800s, driven by the demand for kerosene and oil lamps. It became a major national concern in the early part of the 20th century; the introduction of the internal combustion engine provided a demand that has largely sustained the industry to this day. Early “local” finds like those in Pennsylvania and Ontario were quickly exhausted, leading to “oil booms” in Texas, Oklahoma and California.

By 1910, significant oil fields had been discovered in Canada (specifically, in the province of Alberta), the Dutch East Indies (1885, in Sumatra), Persia (1908, in Masjed Soleiman), Peru, Venezuela, and Mexico, and were being developed at an industrial level.

Even until the mid-1950s, coal was still the world’s foremost fuel, but oil quickly took over. Following the 1973 energy crisis and the 1979 energy crisis, there was significant media coverage of oil supply levels. This brought to light the concern that oil is a limited resource that will eventually run out, at least as an economically viable energy source. At the time, the most common and popular predictions were always quite dire, and when they did not come true, many dismissed all such discussion. The future of petroleum as a fuel remains somewhat controversial. USA Today news (2004) reports that there are 40 years of petroleum left in the ground. Some would argue that because the total amount of petroleum is finite, the dire predictions of the 1970s have merely been postponed. Others argue that technology will continue to allow for the production of cheap hydrocarbons and that the earth has vast sources of unconventional petroleum reserves in the form of tar sands, bitumen fields and oil shale that will allow for petroleum use to continue in the future, with both the Canadian tar sands and United States shale oil deposits representing potential reserves matching existing liquid petroleum deposits worldwide.

Today, about 90% of vehicular fuel needs are met by oil. Petroleum also makes up 40% of total energy consumption in the United States, but is responsible for only 2% of electricity generation. Petroleum’s worth as a portable, dense energy source powering the vast majority of vehicles and as the base of many industrial chemicals, makes it one of the world’s most important commodities. Access to it was a major factor in several military conflicts, including World War II and the Persian Gulf War. About 80% of the world’s readily accessible reserves are located in the Middle East, with 62.5% coming from the Arab 5: Saudi Arabia (12.5%), UAE, Iraq, Qatar and Kuwait. The USA has less than 3%.

US petroleum holdings

US Petroleum Holdings, Corp. is an independent energy company engaged in the procurement, exploitation, development, acquisition and operation of oil and natural gas properties with a geological focus in the United States. The company has implemented a business strategy that emphasizes development opportunities where the company has acquired several properties within a general area with proven reserves.

The recent up trend in the oil and natural gas market has resulted in sector investments becoming extremely beneficial. Consequently, the company has sought to procure working interests in properties that are either currently producing or will produce crude oil and natural gas within the next quarter.

Our projects implement and utilize the most innovative, state-of-the-art and cost-effective technologies that can profitably recover oil and natural gas as well as extend the productive life of US domestic reserves, reducing the reliance on energy imports.